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Otsu thresholding
Handed only a histogram, where should one cut it in two?
Primary source N. Otsu, “A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. SMC-9, no. 1, pp. 62–66, 1979. doi:10.1109/TSMC.1979.4310076